As traders and investors, we know that certain events trigger market-wide volatility much more than others. Interest rate decisions by countries fall into this category, simply due to the enormity of the implications behind each announcement.
A nation’s entire money supply is directly attributable to the headline interest rate of the country. In the United States, that rate is the Federal Funds Rate, which is currently 2.5%. That’s the maximum rate banks can borrow from/lend each other in the US banking system.
When the Fed Funds rate is increased, it leads to a contraction in the US money supply, essentially making existing dollars more valuable overnight. This leads to all USD denominated currency pairs to move in the direction of USD.
As the graph shows, the US Federal Reserve doesn’t mess around when it comes to making quick decisions — in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis meltdown, the Federal Funds rate was swiftly brought down from ~5.5% to 0.
All of this activity, naturally, not only has an impact on the US dollar, but on all US denominated currency pairs. When the Fed Funds rate is increased, the US dollar appreciates against all other currency pairs. The opposite occurs when the rate is dropped.
The famous line “follow the money” is often used to highlight the importance of paying attention to the money trail, where money flows to and from. In the context of the foreign exchange markets, we can carry out this exercise by simply diverting our attention to the movement of interest rates.
The basic laws of economics dictate that demand and supply determine the price. A currency’s demand is driven by incentives: is there a justification for the investor’s decision to invest in this currency versus another?
That justification comes in the form of interest rates: when the bank pays us a higher interest, we want to put money in the bank! The demand for a currency is directly a function of how great the reward (interest) is.
The demand for a currency is directly a function of how great the reward (interest) is.
A fascinating trading strategy which exploits this phenomenon is known as the Carry Trading strategy. In a carry trade, the trader buys those currencies which provide the greatest interest — known as rollover interest — and sell those currencies which are the cheapest to borrow.
The reason the carry trade works so successfully is due to the fact the trader is banking on two known facts:
- By putting her money into a high interest yielding currencies, she is maximizing her rollover interest
- Although, theoretically, carry trades should not be profitable since any profit one earns from the carry should be wiped out through negative exchange rate pressure, in reality, the opposite persists: the high-interest rate currency appreciates further, thus providing a second direct source of profits.
